12 Predictions by Michael Pettis on China; Non-Food Commodity Prices Will Collapse Over Next Three to Four Years; Nails in the Hard Landing Coffin?

Michael Pettis at China Financial Markets has Two Bets with the Economist.

1. Pettis bets growth in China will average less than 3.5% for the rest of the decade
2. Pettis bets the Chinese economy will not overtake the US by 2018 

I side with Pettis and said so in The Dating Game: Michael Pettis Challenges The Economist to a Bet on China

I came up with 2030 and with peak oil considerations I would not count on that.

Now Pettis is back at it with 12 predictions. Via email ...

Perhaps my bet with The Economist has caused me to throw caution to the winds, since a smart economist never makes his predictions explicit, but here they are:

1. China will be the last major economy to emerge from the global crisis. My basic argument was that the global crisis was caused by the necessary reversal of the great trade and capital imbalances of the past decade, and a country can only be said to have emerged from the crisis when those underlying imbalances had been resolved.

Since China’s contribution to the global imbalances has been its excessively high savings rate, China could not emerge from the crisis until the high savings rate had been reduced to a more reasonable level.　Since 2007-08, of course, the opposite has happened, as Beijing has exacerbated its domestic imbalances in order to keep growth rates high.　 But without infinite debt capacity this cannot go on.　 I think it is pretty clear that over the next few years China will be forced to address and reverse the high savings rate, and it will only be after this happens that China can be said to have emerged from the crisis.　 This may take a decade or more.

2. Chinese consumption will continue to stagnate or decline as a share of GDP until the growth model is abandoned.　 By “abandoning” the model I mean that transfers from the household sector to subsidize rapid growth must be eliminated and reversed.　

This is really a continuation of the first prediction.　 It is too early to say, but 2012 may be the first year in which consumption growth will outpace GDP growth, but only if GDP growth turns out to be much lower than expected – say below 7%.　 As long as GDP growth rates exceed 7%, there can be no real rebalancing of consumption.

3. Although there were many factors that explained both rapidly rising GDP and the contracting consumption share, financial repression would eventually be recognized to be the key factor.　 It took many years to make this point, but it has become pretty clear to everyone that financial repression is at the heart of China’s problem.　 This may explain Premier Wen’s recent and rather shocking attack on the banks, although in my opinion it will still be at least another year or two, if ever, before we see any real liberalization of interest rates.　

Remember that the more debt there is, the harder it is to raise interest rates, and the longer we take to raise interest rates, the more debt we run up.　 In the end I suspect that financial repression will be eliminated not by an increase in nominal rates but rather by a decline in GDP growth (remember that the size of the financial repression tax is a function of the difference between nominal GDP growth and the nominal lending rate).

4. Investment is being misallocated on a massive scale and this was not due to any special Chinese characteristic but was rather a fundamental requirement of the way the system operated. Although there are still some economists who disagree that investment is being massively wasted, I think this is so well understood by now that there is no need to belabor the point.

5. Debt is rising at an unsustainable pace and debt levels will become unsustainable well before the end of the decade.　 This follows from the above point – if investment is debt funded and if it is being wasted, then by definition debt must be increasing at an unsustainable pace – i.e. faster than debt-servicing abilities.

I suspect nonetheless that in another year or two no one will doubt that the Chinese growth model tends towards unsustainable debt and that we are rapidly reaching the limit.

6. When specific debt problems are identified, resolute attempts by Beijing to resolve them would be warmly welcomed by analysts but wholly irrelevant – because the problem of debt was systemic, not specific.　 This follows from the above.　 The issue is not that specific borrowers may run into debt problems.　 It is that the run-up in debt is systemic and cannot be prevented as long as China maintains the existing growth model.　 If there is rapid GDP growth, say anything above 6% or 7%, debt within the system must be rising at an unsustainable pace.

7. Privatization, a topic all but forbidden in polite company, would become a very hot topic of conversation by 2013-14.　 I have discussed why in this issue of the newsletter.

8. As some policymakers gradually became aware of the problem with the growth model and the risk of crisis, a fundamental political split would emerge between those that demanded rapid reform and those that wanted to maintain control of resources.　 The problem is that continuing the growth model will lead to a debt crisis, but abandoning the model will lead to much slower growth, and especially to much slower growth in the accumulation of state sector assets.　 This is politically very difficult for many to accept and will lead to more political conflicts over the next few years.

9. Chinese government debt will continue to balloon through the rest of this decade.　 Privatization is the best way to effect the transfer of wealth from the state sector to the private sector, and would be especially efficient if privatization proceeds were used to extinguish debt, but for the reasons discussed above it will be extremely difficult to do it.　 This means that debt build-up and the state absorption of private sector debt will continue for many years.

10. If the transition is not mismanaged, average Chinese GDP growth rates will drop to 3% for the 2010-20 decade.　 As my bet with The Economist suggests, this is one prediction that is still an outlier.　 The Economist(and many others) still believe that Chinese growth will make it the largest economy in the world before the end of the decade, but much slower growth is what rebalancing requires and it is hard to make the numbers work at growth levels much above 3%.　 By the way if I am wrong and Chinese growth this decade is materially higher than 3%, my prediction is that the “lost decade” of much lower growth stretch out over two decades.

11. If China rebalances correctly, then much slower GDP growth rates will be accompanied by only slightly slower growth rates in household income.　 In that case there need be no social instability.　 The political risk comes from instability at the top, not at the bottom.

12. Non-food commodity prices are set to collapse over the next three to four years.　 “Collapse” is not too strong a word.　 China’s share of global demand for such commodities as iron, cement, copper, etc. is completely disproportionate to its size and almost wholly a function of its very high growth in investment. 　As investment growth drops sharply, as it must, global demand for non-food commodities will plummet.

Collapse in Commodity Prices

For years the mantra has been buy what China needs (commodities), sell what China produces.

That strategy worked for a long time but that time is up or soon will be. The implication are far from pleasant for the currencies of commodity producers like Australia and Canada. 

Nails in the Hard Landing Coffin?

One of the sillier stories making the rounds is China currency move nails hard landing risk coffin

China's weekend reform of its currency regime nails shut the coffin on the last remains of doubt about whether the world's second biggest economy has successfully steered a course past a hard economic landing.

"For everybody who thought China was heading for a hard landing, it's over. This move says they are comfortable with the direction the economy is moving in," Paul Markowski, president of New York-based MES Advisers and a long-time investment adviser to China's monetary authorities, told Reuters.

Reform says Beijing is comfortable with the yuan's value and that exporters have sufficient strength to cope with the government relaxing its grip. As the financial crisis deepened in 2008, China squeezed tightly on the yuan to shield the economy as international trade ground to a halt.

It implies confidence that rebounding March indicators in the first-quarter GDP data - such as a jump in steel production, vehicle output, machinery and cement production and a recovery in sales of household electronic appliances - suggest that the floor in economic activity has broad foundations.

So does a huge bounce in new bank lending in March - 25 percent ahead of economists' forecasts at 1.01 trillion yuan - that signals monetary easing since the autumn, creating an estimated 800 billion yuan of new credit, is being put to work.

The fact that China is back to the same unsustainable model certainly does not disprove the hard landing theory. Indeed, the longer China puts off rebalancing its economy, the bigger the crash later on. Moreover, widening the band on its currency is a needed part of that rebalancing, and does not preclude in any way a huge slowdown in growth.

The structural imbalances in China are large and for now, still growing. However, huge cracks have appeared in real estate, and changes are coming up with a regime change. Finally, peak oil alone makes many of the growth estimates we have seen for China outright impossible. Markowski is crowing far too early. One quarter does not prove a thing.

Mike "Mish" Shedlock
http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com
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