"Full Faith and Credit" of General Obligation Bonds Comes to Critical Test in Alabama Bankruptcy

General obligation bonds are thought to be perfectly safe because they are backed by the ability to tax, no matter what it takes to pay off the obligation. I have been waiting for a test of this theory and that time is at hand.

Jefferson County Alabama filed the biggest bankruptcy in the history of the US and has stopped paying interest on its general obligation bonds. For background details, please see Jefferson County Alabama Hires Bankruptcy Firm; Record Municipal Bankruptcy Coming; Death Spiral Swaps and JPMorgan Fraud Revisited.

The key issue now is what happens to the "Full Faith and Credit" theory now that the county has defaulted following a bankruptcy declaration.

Please consider Bankruptcy Filing Raises Doubts About a Bond Repayment Pledge.

People who own what is considered the safest type of municipal bond may be in for a surprise.

This safe debt, called a general-obligation bond, is said to be the next strongest thing to Treasuries because it is backed by a “full faith and credit” pledge. That means the government that issued it will pay it on time, no matter what.

But now Jefferson County, Ala., has stopped paying such debt, breaking with convention and setting up a fundamental test of what full faith and credit truly means.

The few places that have gone bankrupt with general obligations outstanding have sent reassuring signals, making payments even though they were not required to in bankruptcy. Orange County, Calif., the previous Chapter 9 record-holder, took a few extra months to pay some maturing debt, but it compensated investors for the delay by giving them almost a full percentage point more interest than it otherwise owed them.

The small city of Central Falls, R.I., has been duly paying its general-obligation debtholders in Chapter 9 this year, bolstered by a new state law giving those investors priority over everybody else.

Jefferson County, by contrast, is taking advantage of the automatic stay granted in bankruptcy, which bars creditors from demanding payments or grabbing collateral. Officials say they stopped sending cash to the county’s paying agent in November and will not send any money this month, either.

Bankruptcy experts have long known that in theory a municipality could use the stay to revoke its full faith and credit pledge, but they have not watched a big distressed city or county go through with it. “You’ve got a case here where the rubber has hit the road,” said Kenneth N. Klee, a bankruptcy lawyer representing Jefferson County, whose debt grew out of poorly conceived efforts to finance a court-ordered rebuilding of its sewer system.

The county’s nonpayment is not its only surprise. Like many places, it used newfangled instruments to circumvent constitutional limits on how much debt it could legally issue. In Alabama, counties are required to hold a referendum before issuing any general-obligation bonds. So Jefferson County has not issued such bonds since the 1950s. Instead, it issues warrants, which look nearly identical but do not require the referendum.

Official disclosures promote the county’s warrants as “general obligations,” toward which “its full faith and credit have been irrevocably pledged.” Sounds good, but what does it really mean? Conventional wisdom has it that if a government defaults on a general obligation, its creditors can take it to court, where the judge will order it to raise taxes — as much as it takes, no matter how painful.

But that now appears to be a hollow threat in Jefferson County. Counties in Alabama do not have the legal authority to raise taxes. Only the state can do that.

Mr. Klee, the county’s bankruptcy lawyer, said about 40 percent of America’s counties appear to be in the same boat, issuing full faith and credit debt even though they have no legal authority to raise taxes, as the term implies.

“Jefferson County made a very different decision than Rhode Island did,” Mr. Klee said. “Rhode Island put bondholders ahead of its citizens, and Jefferson County is not going to do that.”

He called the notion that a full faith and credit pledge was inviolate, and that a debtor must honor it even in bankruptcy, “a myth and a scare tactic.”

“The issue of full faith and credit,” Mr. Klee said, “is whose full faith and credit?”

Rhode Island legislature screwed taxpayers by bailing out bondholders. Alabama tried hard to do the same, but fortunately Jefferson County filed anyway.

A major twist is Jefferson County had no legal authority to issue general obligation bonds without first holding a voter referendum. Jefferson County did not have a voter referendum and instead issued warrants. Does it matter the warrants were promoted as "Full Faith and Credit" obligations?

I have had it with the notion that bondholders can never take a loss. The best court ruling would be those are  indeed general obligations bonds, but bankruptcy changes the game.  My guess is the courts will duck the issue based on the fact Jefferson County never issued a referendum.

Still, it would be a huge victory for taxpayers in a major court case, assuming the county's attorney is correct in that "40 percent of America’s counties appear to be in the same boat, issuing full faith and credit debt even though they have no legal authority to raise taxes"

Mike "Mish" Shedlock
http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com
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